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Voodoo 101
Voodoo (Vodou, Vodoun, Vudu, or Vudun in Benin, Togo, southeastern Ghana,
Burkina Faso, and Senegal; also Vodou in Haiti) is a name attributed to a
traditionally unwritten West African spiritual system of faith and ritual practices.
Like most faith systems, the core functions of Voodoo are to explain the forces of
the universe, influence those forces, and influence human behavior. Voodoo's
oral tradition of faith stories carries genealogy, history and fables to succeeding
generations. Adherents honor deities and venerate ancient and recent ancestors.
This faith system is widespread across groups in West Africa. Diaspora spread
Voodoo to North and South America and the Caribbean.
Hoodoo refers to African traditional folk magic. A rich magical tradition which
was (for thousands of years), indigenous to ancient African botanical, magio-
religious practices and folk cultures, its practice was imported when mainly
West Africans were enslaved and brought to the United States.
Hoodoo is used as a noun and is derived from the Ewe word Hudu which still
exists today. Hoodoo is often used in African-American vernacular to describe a
magic "spell" or potion, or as a descriptor for a practitioner (hoodoo doctor,
hoodoo man or hoodoo woman), or as an adjective or verb depending upon
context. The word can be dated at least as early as 1891. Some prefer the term
hoodooism, but this has mostly fallen out of use. Some "New Age" non-Diaspora
practitioners who have taken up Hoodoo as a hobby employ synonyms, including
conjuration, conjure, witchcraft, or rootwork. The latter demonstrates the
importance of various roots in the making of charms and casting spells. It is
important to note that in traditional African religious culture, the concept of
"spells" is not used. Here again, this Afro-botanical practice has been heavily
used by the New Age, and Wiccan communities who have little understanding of
"Hoodoo's" spiritual significance as it is traditionally used in Africa. An amulet
characteristic of hoodoo is the mojo, often called a mojo bag, mojo hand, conjure
bag, trick bag, or toby; this is a small sack filled with herbs, roots, coins,
sometimes a lodestone, and various other objects of magical power.
PAPA LEGBA
Papa Legba is the intermediary between the lwa and humanity. He stands at a
spiritual crossroads and gives (or denies) permission to speak with the spirits of
Gine; he translates between the human and “angelic” and all other languages of
the spheres.
The term Vodou (Vodu or Vudu in Benin; and Togo; also Vodon, Vodoun, Voudou,
or other phonetically equivalent spellings. In Haiti; Vudu (an Ewe word, also used
in the Dominican Republic) is by some individuals applied to the branches of a
West African ancestral religious tradition. It is important to note that the word
"Voodoo" is the most common and known usage in American and popular
culture, and is viewed as offensive by the Afro-Diaspora practicing communities.
However, the different spellings of this term can be explained as follows:
The word "Voodoo"' is used to describe the Creole tradition of New Orleans,
Vodou is used to describe the Haitian Vodou Tradition, while Vudon and Vodun
and Vodoun are used to describe the deities honoured in the Brazilian Jeje (Ewe)
nation of Candomble as well as West African Vodoun, and in the African-
American Diaspora. When the word "Vodou/Vodoun" is capitalized, it denotes the
Religion proper. When the word is used in small caps, it denotes the actual
deities honored in each respective tradition.
Its roots are believed to be varied and include the Fon, Mina, Kabye, Ewe, and
Yoruba peoples of West Africa, from western Nigeria to eastern Ghana. In Benin,
Vodun is the national religion, followed by around 80% of the population, or some
4½ million people. The word Vodún "Vodoun" "Vudu" is the Fon-Ewe word for
spirit. Voodoo in Haiti is highly influenced by Central African traditions. The Kongo
rites, also known in the north of Haiti as Lemba (originally practiced among the
Bakongo) and is as widespread as the West African elements. The Vodoun
religion was suppressed during slavery and Reconstruction in the United States,
but maintained most of its West African elements.
Haitian Vodouisants believe, in accordance with widespread African tradition,
that there is one God who is the creator of all, referred to as "Bondyè" (from the
French "Bon Dieu" or "Good God"). Bondyè is distinguished from the God of "the
whites" in a dramatic speech by the houngan Boukman at Bwa Kayiman, but is
often considered the same God of other religions, such as Christianity and Islam.
Bondyè is distant from His/Her/Its creation though, and so it is the spirits or the
"mysteries", "saints", or "angels" that the Vodouisant turns to for help, as well
as to the ancestors. The Vodouisant worships God, and serves the spirits, who
are treated with honor and respect as elder members of a household might be.
There are said to be twenty-one nations or "nanchons" of spirits, also sometimes
called "lwa-yo". Some of the more important nations of lwa are the Rada
(corresponding to the Gbe-speaking ethnic groups in the modern-day Republic of
Benin, Nigeria, and Togo); the Nago (synonymous with the Yoruba-speaking
ethnicities in Nigeria, the Republic of Benin, and Togo); and the numerous West-
Central African ethnicities united under the ethnonym Kongo. The spirits also
come in "families" that all share a surname, like Ogou, or Ezili, or Azaka or
Ghede. For instance, "Ezili" is a family, Ezili Dantor and Ezili Freda are two
individual spirits in that family. The Ogou family are soldiers, the Ezili govern the
feminine spheres of life, the Azaka govern agriculture, the Ghede govern the
sphere of death and fertility. In Dominican Vodou, there is also an Agua Dulce or
"Sweet Waters" family, which encompasses all Amerindian spirits. There are
literally hundreds of lwa. Well known individual lwa include Danbala Wedo, Papa
Legba Atibon, and Agwe Tawoyo.
In Haitian Vodou, spirits are divided according to their nature in roughly two
categories, whether they are hot or cool. Cool spirits fall under the Rada
category, and hot spirits fall under the Petwo category. Rada spirits are familial
and congenial, while Petwo spirits are more combative and restless. Both can be
dangerous if angry or upset, and despite claims to the contrary, neither is "good"
or "evil" in relation to the other.
Everyone is said to have spirits, and each person is considered to have a special
relationship with one particular spirit who is said to "own their head", however
each person may have many lwa, and the one that owns their head, or the "met
tet", may or may not be the most active spirit in a person's life in Haitian belief.
In serving the spirits, the Vodouisant seeks to achieve harmony with their own
individual nature and the world around them, manifested as personal power and
resourcefulness in dealing with life. Part of this harmony is membership in and
maintaining relationships within the context of family and community. A Vodou
house or society is organized on the metaphor of an extended family, and
initiates are the "children" of their initiators, with the sense of hierarchy and
mutual obligation that implies.
Most Vodouisants are not initiated, referred to as being "bosal"; it is not a
requirement to be an initiate in order to serve one's spirits. There are clergy in
Haitian Vodou whose responsibility it is to preserve the rituals and songs and
maintain the relationship between the spirits and the community as a whole
(though some of this is the responsibility of the whole community as well). They
are entrusted with leading the service of all of the spirits of their lineage. Priests
are referred to as "Houngans" and priestesses as "Mambos". Below the
houngans and mambos are the hounsis, who are initiates who act as assistants
during ceremonies and who are dedicated to their own personal mysteries. One
does not serve just any lwa but only the ones they "have" according to one's
destiny or nature. Which spirits a person "has" may be revealed at a ceremony,
in a reading, or in dreams. However all Vodouisants also serve the spirits of their
own blood ancestors, and this important aspect of Vodou practice is often
glossed over or minimized in importance by commentators who do not
understand the significance of it. The ancestor cult is in fact the basis of Vodou
religion, and many lwa like Agasou (formerly a king of Dahomey) for example are
in fact ancestors who are said to have been raised up to divinity.
A common saying is that Haiti is 80% Roman Catholic, 20% Protestant and 100%
Vodou. Thus the Catholic contribution to Haitian Voodoo is quite noticeable.
However, in the United States the story is different, despite claims to the contrary.
Confusion about Voodoo in the USA arises because there exists throughout the
United States a widespread system of African American folk magic belief and
practice known as Hudu or more popularly as hoodoo. The similarity of the words
hoodoo and Voodoo notwithstanding, hoodoo is not an organized religion like
Voodoo, but is an integral part of the Vodoun religion in West Africa and arguably
throughout all of Africa. Some aspects of hoodoo is considered derived primarily
from Congo and Angolan magical practices of Central Africa and retains
elements of the traditions and practices that arose among Bantu language
speakers. However, any serious practitioner who has travelled and studied Hudu
in West Africa, will readily conclude that this ancient, magio-botanical practice is
indigenous and essential to all indigenous, West African religious systems,
having only minute variations.
Today, due to the suppression of the Vodoun religion in America, most
hoodooists are now members of African American Protestant churches, such as
the various Baptist, African Methodist Episcopal (AME), Pentecostal, and Holiness
denominations , but when hoodoo is compared to some of the African religions in
the diaspora, the closest parallel is Cuban and Dominican Palo, a survival of
Congo religious beliefs melded with some Catholic forms of worship.
Survivals of Haitian and West African-influenced Vodou religion in the southern
US are claimed by some to be found within the African-American Spiritual
Churches of New Orleans, a city with a large Catholic population. This is a
fallacious assumption.
The Spiritual Churches of New Orleans are a Christian sect founded by
Wisconsin-born Mother Leafy Anderson in the early 20th century. These
churches incorporate Catholic iconography, ecstatic worship derived from
African American Protestant Pentecostal sources, and a large dose of
Spiritualism, but a closer examination shows that the hallmark of the New
Orleans Spiritual Churches is the honoring of the Native American spirit named
Black Hawk, who lived in Illinois and Wisconsin (Anderson's home state), not in
Africa, or Haiti. Furthermore, the names of some individual churches in the
denomination -- such as Divine Israel -- bring to mind typical Black Baptist church
names more than Catholic ones.
In sum, Haitian Voodoo is derived from West African religious traditions and was
retained in modified form by enslaved Africans living in the Caribbean who were
held captive by Catholics. However, in the USA the Vodoun religion is derived from
largely the Ewe and other West and central African groups.
Voodoo is a derivative of the world's oldest known religions which have been
around in Africa since the beginning of human civilization
Public relations-wise, Vodou has come to be associated in the popular mind with
such phenomena as "zombies" and "voodoo dolls". While there is ethnobotanical
evidence relating to "zombie" creation, it is a minor phenomenon within rural
Haitian culture and not a part of the Vodou religion as such. Such things fall under
the auspices of the bokor or sorcerer rather than the priest of the Lwa Gine.
The practice of sticking pins in "voodoo dolls" has history in healing teachings as
identifying pressure points. How it became known as a method of cursing an
individual by some followers of what has come to be called "New Orleans
Voodoo", which is a local variant of hoodoo is a mystery. Some speculate that it
was one of many ways of self defense by instilling fear in slave owners. This
practice is not unique to New Orleans "voodoo" however and has as much basis
in European-based magical devices such as the "poppet" and the nkisi or bocio
of West and Central Africa (see also Paket kongo).In fact it has more basis in
European traditions, as the nkisi or bocio figures used in Africa are in fact power
objects, what in Haiti would be referred to as pwen, rather than magical
surrogates for an intended target of sorcery whether for boon or for bane. Such
"voodoo" dolls are not a feature of Haitian religion, although dolls intended for
tourists may be found in the Iron Market in Port au Prince. The practice became
closely associated with the Vodou religions in the public mind through the vehicle
of horror movies. In fact, voodoo always gets a bad rap in movies with possibly
the only exception being the film London Voodoo where voodoo is shown as a
force for good.
There is a practice in Haiti of nailing crude poppets with a discarded shoe on
trees near the cemetery to act as messengers to the otherworld, which is very
different in function from how poppets are portrayed as being used by "voodoo
worshippers" in popular media and imagination, ie. for purposes of sympathetic
magic towards another person. Another use of dolls in authentic Vodou practice
is the incorporation of plastic doll babies in altars and objects used to represent
or honor the spirits, or in pwen, which recalls the aforementioned use of bocio
and nkisi figures in Africa. One Haitian artist particularly known for his unusual
sacred constructions using doll parts is Pierrot Barra of Port au Prince.
Kumina is both the religion and the music practiced by the people who inhabit the
region of eastern Jamaica. These people have retained the drumming and
dancing of the Bantu-speaking peoples of the Congo. Like the Kongo practitioners
from Cuba, they have kept a large amount of the Kongo language alive. In the
Americas there are many Kongo-derived religions still being practiced today.
There are two main aspects of Kongo religion that are quite distinctive. One is the
practice of bringing down spirits of the dead to briefly inhabit the bodies of the
faithful. The purpose of this is so that the ancestors may share their wisdom,
providing spiritual assistance and advice to those here on Earth. Without
exception, all such faiths in the Americas retain this central feature of Kongo
faith. The other feature is the extensive work with Inquices (Enkises, Nkisi). The
Inquices are very like the Orishas of Yoruba tradition, but also different. In Cuba
and Brazil, where Yoruba influence was strongest in the Americas, they are often
syncretized with the Orishas. They may best be described as being both the most
ancient of ancestors as well as being associated with specific powers in nature.
The Inquices do not tend to possess as detailed a mythology as the Yoruba gods.
kumina is found in ST.Thomas
Obeah (sometimes spelled "Obi") is a term used in the West Indies to refer to
folk magic, sorcery, and religious practices derived from Central African and
West African origins. As such, Obeah is similar to Palo, Voodoo, Santeria,
rootwork, and hoodoo. Obeah is practiced in Suriname, Jamaica, the Virgin
Islands, Trinidad, Tobago, Guyana, Belize, the Bahamas, St. Vincent and the
Grenadines, Barbados and many other Caribbean countries.
Obeah is associated with both black and white magic, charms, luck, and with
mysticism in general. In some Caribbean nations Obeah refers to African
diasporic folk religions with admixtures such as Hindu puja; in other areas,
Christians may include elements of Obeah in their religion—Obeah is associated
with the Spiritual Baptist church—and the word Obeah, although not the practice
of Obeah, appears in a text associated with the religion of Thelema.
In Jamaica, slaves from different areas of Africa were brought into contact,
creating some conflicts between those who practiced varying African religions.
Those of West African Ashanti descent, who called their priests "Myal men" (also
spelled Mial men), used the Ashanti term "Obi" or "Obeah" -- meaning "sorcery"
-- to describe the practices of slaves of Central African descent. Thus those who
worked in a Congo form of folk religion were called "Obeah men" or "sorcerers."
Obeah also came to mean any physical object, such as a talisman or charm, that
was used for evil magical purposes. However, despite its fearsome reputation,
Obeah, like any other form of folk religion and folk magic, contains many
traditions for healing, helping, and bringing about luck in love and money.
During the mid 19th century the appearance of a comet in the sky became the
focal point of an outbreak of religious fanaticism and Christian millennarianism
among the Myal men of Jamaica. Spiritualism was at that time sweeping the
English-speaking nations as well, and it readily appealed to those in the Afro-
Carbbean diaspora, as spirit contact, especially with the dead, is an essential
part of many African religions.
During the conflict between Myal and Obeah, the Myal men positioned themselves
as the "good" opponents to "evil" Obeah. They claimed that Obeah men stole
people's shadows, and they set themselves up as the helpers of those who
wished to have their shadows restored. Myal men contacted spirits in order to
expose the evil works they ascribed to the Obeah men, and led public parades
which resulted in crowd-hystreria that engendered violent antagonism against
Obeah men. The public "discovery" of buried Obeah charms, presumed to be of
evil intent, led on more than one occasion to violence against the rival Obeah men.
Laws were passed that limited both Obeah and Myal traditions, but due to the
outrages perpetrated by the mobs of Myalists, the British government of Jamaica
sent many Myal men to prison, and this, along with the failure of their millennialist
Christian prophesies, resulted in a lessening influence for Myalism, while Obeah
remained a vital form of folk magic in Jamaica. By the early 20th century, Myalism
was considered a thing of the past, and Obeah dominated.
One aspect of Obeah with which many visitors to the Virgin Islands are familiar
(although they may not fully comprehend it) is the Mocko-Jumbie, or stilt dancer.
In the Virgin Islands Obeah tradition, a Jumbie is an evil or lost spirit, related to
the Kongo word Nzumbi, which led to the sensationalistic Zombies of Hollywood.
Jumbie however, retains more of the word's original meaning. It is sometimes
associated with a child who has died before being baptized. Such a child is said
to be forced to forever walk the earth at night, and is easily identified by its
backward-facing feet. The connection between the Jumbie and death is extended
into botany: Abrus precatorius, a species of tropical legume bears deadly toxic
red and black seeds called Jumbies in English-speaking regions of the
Caribbean. By contrast, the Mocko-Jumbie of the Virgin Islands is brightly
colored, dances in the daylight, and is very much alive. The Mocko-Jumbie also
represents the flip-side of spiritual darkness, as stilt-dancing is most popular
around holy days and Carnival.
Voodoo (Vodou, Vodoun, Vudu, or Vudun in Benin, Togo, southeastern Ghana,
Burkina Faso, and Senegal; also Vodou in Haiti) is a name attributed to a
traditionally unwritten West African spiritual system of faith and ritual practices.
Like most faith systems, the core functions of Voodoo are to explain the forces of
the universe, influence those forces, and influence human behavior. Voodoo's
oral tradition of faith stories carries genealogy, history and fables to succeeding
generations. Adherents honor deities and venerate ancient and recent ancestors.
This faith system is widespread across groups in West Africa. Diaspora spread
Voodoo to North and South America and the Caribbean.
Hoodoo refers to African traditional folk magic. A rich magical tradition which
was (for thousands of years), indigenous to ancient African botanical, magio-
religious practices and folk cultures, its practice was imported when mainly
West Africans were enslaved and brought to the United States.
Hoodoo is used as a noun and is derived from the Ewe word Hudu which still
exists today. Hoodoo is often used in African-American vernacular to describe a
magic "spell" or potion, or as a descriptor for a practitioner (hoodoo doctor,
hoodoo man or hoodoo woman), or as an adjective or verb depending upon
context. The word can be dated at least as early as 1891. Some prefer the term
hoodooism, but this has mostly fallen out of use. Some "New Age" non-Diaspora
practitioners who have taken up Hoodoo as a hobby employ synonyms, including
conjuration, conjure, witchcraft, or rootwork. The latter demonstrates the
importance of various roots in the making of charms and casting spells. It is
important to note that in traditional African religious culture, the concept of
"spells" is not used. Here again, this Afro-botanical practice has been heavily
used by the New Age, and Wiccan communities who have little understanding of
"Hoodoo's" spiritual significance as it is traditionally used in Africa. An amulet
characteristic of hoodoo is the mojo, often called a mojo bag, mojo hand, conjure
bag, trick bag, or toby; this is a small sack filled with herbs, roots, coins,
sometimes a lodestone, and various other objects of magical power.
PAPA LEGBA
Papa Legba is the intermediary between the lwa and humanity. He stands at a
spiritual crossroads and gives (or denies) permission to speak with the spirits of
Gine; he translates between the human and “angelic” and all other languages of
the spheres.
The term Vodou (Vodu or Vudu in Benin; and Togo; also Vodon, Vodoun, Voudou,
or other phonetically equivalent spellings. In Haiti; Vudu (an Ewe word, also used
in the Dominican Republic) is by some individuals applied to the branches of a
West African ancestral religious tradition. It is important to note that the word
"Voodoo" is the most common and known usage in American and popular
culture, and is viewed as offensive by the Afro-Diaspora practicing communities.
However, the different spellings of this term can be explained as follows:
The word "Voodoo"' is used to describe the Creole tradition of New Orleans,
Vodou is used to describe the Haitian Vodou Tradition, while Vudon and Vodun
and Vodoun are used to describe the deities honoured in the Brazilian Jeje (Ewe)
nation of Candomble as well as West African Vodoun, and in the African-
American Diaspora. When the word "Vodou/Vodoun" is capitalized, it denotes the
Religion proper. When the word is used in small caps, it denotes the actual
deities honored in each respective tradition.
Its roots are believed to be varied and include the Fon, Mina, Kabye, Ewe, and
Yoruba peoples of West Africa, from western Nigeria to eastern Ghana. In Benin,
Vodun is the national religion, followed by around 80% of the population, or some
4½ million people. The word Vodún "Vodoun" "Vudu" is the Fon-Ewe word for
spirit. Voodoo in Haiti is highly influenced by Central African traditions. The Kongo
rites, also known in the north of Haiti as Lemba (originally practiced among the
Bakongo) and is as widespread as the West African elements. The Vodoun
religion was suppressed during slavery and Reconstruction in the United States,
but maintained most of its West African elements.
Haitian Vodouisants believe, in accordance with widespread African tradition,
that there is one God who is the creator of all, referred to as "Bondyè" (from the
French "Bon Dieu" or "Good God"). Bondyè is distinguished from the God of "the
whites" in a dramatic speech by the houngan Boukman at Bwa Kayiman, but is
often considered the same God of other religions, such as Christianity and Islam.
Bondyè is distant from His/Her/Its creation though, and so it is the spirits or the
"mysteries", "saints", or "angels" that the Vodouisant turns to for help, as well
as to the ancestors. The Vodouisant worships God, and serves the spirits, who
are treated with honor and respect as elder members of a household might be.
There are said to be twenty-one nations or "nanchons" of spirits, also sometimes
called "lwa-yo". Some of the more important nations of lwa are the Rada
(corresponding to the Gbe-speaking ethnic groups in the modern-day Republic of
Benin, Nigeria, and Togo); the Nago (synonymous with the Yoruba-speaking
ethnicities in Nigeria, the Republic of Benin, and Togo); and the numerous West-
Central African ethnicities united under the ethnonym Kongo. The spirits also
come in "families" that all share a surname, like Ogou, or Ezili, or Azaka or
Ghede. For instance, "Ezili" is a family, Ezili Dantor and Ezili Freda are two
individual spirits in that family. The Ogou family are soldiers, the Ezili govern the
feminine spheres of life, the Azaka govern agriculture, the Ghede govern the
sphere of death and fertility. In Dominican Vodou, there is also an Agua Dulce or
"Sweet Waters" family, which encompasses all Amerindian spirits. There are
literally hundreds of lwa. Well known individual lwa include Danbala Wedo, Papa
Legba Atibon, and Agwe Tawoyo.
In Haitian Vodou, spirits are divided according to their nature in roughly two
categories, whether they are hot or cool. Cool spirits fall under the Rada
category, and hot spirits fall under the Petwo category. Rada spirits are familial
and congenial, while Petwo spirits are more combative and restless. Both can be
dangerous if angry or upset, and despite claims to the contrary, neither is "good"
or "evil" in relation to the other.
Everyone is said to have spirits, and each person is considered to have a special
relationship with one particular spirit who is said to "own their head", however
each person may have many lwa, and the one that owns their head, or the "met
tet", may or may not be the most active spirit in a person's life in Haitian belief.
In serving the spirits, the Vodouisant seeks to achieve harmony with their own
individual nature and the world around them, manifested as personal power and
resourcefulness in dealing with life. Part of this harmony is membership in and
maintaining relationships within the context of family and community. A Vodou
house or society is organized on the metaphor of an extended family, and
initiates are the "children" of their initiators, with the sense of hierarchy and
mutual obligation that implies.
Most Vodouisants are not initiated, referred to as being "bosal"; it is not a
requirement to be an initiate in order to serve one's spirits. There are clergy in
Haitian Vodou whose responsibility it is to preserve the rituals and songs and
maintain the relationship between the spirits and the community as a whole
(though some of this is the responsibility of the whole community as well). They
are entrusted with leading the service of all of the spirits of their lineage. Priests
are referred to as "Houngans" and priestesses as "Mambos". Below the
houngans and mambos are the hounsis, who are initiates who act as assistants
during ceremonies and who are dedicated to their own personal mysteries. One
does not serve just any lwa but only the ones they "have" according to one's
destiny or nature. Which spirits a person "has" may be revealed at a ceremony,
in a reading, or in dreams. However all Vodouisants also serve the spirits of their
own blood ancestors, and this important aspect of Vodou practice is often
glossed over or minimized in importance by commentators who do not
understand the significance of it. The ancestor cult is in fact the basis of Vodou
religion, and many lwa like Agasou (formerly a king of Dahomey) for example are
in fact ancestors who are said to have been raised up to divinity.
A common saying is that Haiti is 80% Roman Catholic, 20% Protestant and 100%
Vodou. Thus the Catholic contribution to Haitian Voodoo is quite noticeable.
However, in the United States the story is different, despite claims to the contrary.
Confusion about Voodoo in the USA arises because there exists throughout the
United States a widespread system of African American folk magic belief and
practice known as Hudu or more popularly as hoodoo. The similarity of the words
hoodoo and Voodoo notwithstanding, hoodoo is not an organized religion like
Voodoo, but is an integral part of the Vodoun religion in West Africa and arguably
throughout all of Africa. Some aspects of hoodoo is considered derived primarily
from Congo and Angolan magical practices of Central Africa and retains
elements of the traditions and practices that arose among Bantu language
speakers. However, any serious practitioner who has travelled and studied Hudu
in West Africa, will readily conclude that this ancient, magio-botanical practice is
indigenous and essential to all indigenous, West African religious systems,
having only minute variations.
Today, due to the suppression of the Vodoun religion in America, most
hoodooists are now members of African American Protestant churches, such as
the various Baptist, African Methodist Episcopal (AME), Pentecostal, and Holiness
denominations , but when hoodoo is compared to some of the African religions in
the diaspora, the closest parallel is Cuban and Dominican Palo, a survival of
Congo religious beliefs melded with some Catholic forms of worship.
Survivals of Haitian and West African-influenced Vodou religion in the southern
US are claimed by some to be found within the African-American Spiritual
Churches of New Orleans, a city with a large Catholic population. This is a
fallacious assumption.
The Spiritual Churches of New Orleans are a Christian sect founded by
Wisconsin-born Mother Leafy Anderson in the early 20th century. These
churches incorporate Catholic iconography, ecstatic worship derived from
African American Protestant Pentecostal sources, and a large dose of
Spiritualism, but a closer examination shows that the hallmark of the New
Orleans Spiritual Churches is the honoring of the Native American spirit named
Black Hawk, who lived in Illinois and Wisconsin (Anderson's home state), not in
Africa, or Haiti. Furthermore, the names of some individual churches in the
denomination -- such as Divine Israel -- bring to mind typical Black Baptist church
names more than Catholic ones.
In sum, Haitian Voodoo is derived from West African religious traditions and was
retained in modified form by enslaved Africans living in the Caribbean who were
held captive by Catholics. However, in the USA the Vodoun religion is derived from
largely the Ewe and other West and central African groups.
Voodoo is a derivative of the world's oldest known religions which have been
around in Africa since the beginning of human civilization
Public relations-wise, Vodou has come to be associated in the popular mind with
such phenomena as "zombies" and "voodoo dolls". While there is ethnobotanical
evidence relating to "zombie" creation, it is a minor phenomenon within rural
Haitian culture and not a part of the Vodou religion as such. Such things fall under
the auspices of the bokor or sorcerer rather than the priest of the Lwa Gine.
The practice of sticking pins in "voodoo dolls" has history in healing teachings as
identifying pressure points. How it became known as a method of cursing an
individual by some followers of what has come to be called "New Orleans
Voodoo", which is a local variant of hoodoo is a mystery. Some speculate that it
was one of many ways of self defense by instilling fear in slave owners. This
practice is not unique to New Orleans "voodoo" however and has as much basis
in European-based magical devices such as the "poppet" and the nkisi or bocio
of West and Central Africa (see also Paket kongo).In fact it has more basis in
European traditions, as the nkisi or bocio figures used in Africa are in fact power
objects, what in Haiti would be referred to as pwen, rather than magical
surrogates for an intended target of sorcery whether for boon or for bane. Such
"voodoo" dolls are not a feature of Haitian religion, although dolls intended for
tourists may be found in the Iron Market in Port au Prince. The practice became
closely associated with the Vodou religions in the public mind through the vehicle
of horror movies. In fact, voodoo always gets a bad rap in movies with possibly
the only exception being the film London Voodoo where voodoo is shown as a
force for good.
There is a practice in Haiti of nailing crude poppets with a discarded shoe on
trees near the cemetery to act as messengers to the otherworld, which is very
different in function from how poppets are portrayed as being used by "voodoo
worshippers" in popular media and imagination, ie. for purposes of sympathetic
magic towards another person. Another use of dolls in authentic Vodou practice
is the incorporation of plastic doll babies in altars and objects used to represent
or honor the spirits, or in pwen, which recalls the aforementioned use of bocio
and nkisi figures in Africa. One Haitian artist particularly known for his unusual
sacred constructions using doll parts is Pierrot Barra of Port au Prince.
Kumina is both the religion and the music practiced by the people who inhabit the
region of eastern Jamaica. These people have retained the drumming and
dancing of the Bantu-speaking peoples of the Congo. Like the Kongo practitioners
from Cuba, they have kept a large amount of the Kongo language alive. In the
Americas there are many Kongo-derived religions still being practiced today.
There are two main aspects of Kongo religion that are quite distinctive. One is the
practice of bringing down spirits of the dead to briefly inhabit the bodies of the
faithful. The purpose of this is so that the ancestors may share their wisdom,
providing spiritual assistance and advice to those here on Earth. Without
exception, all such faiths in the Americas retain this central feature of Kongo
faith. The other feature is the extensive work with Inquices (Enkises, Nkisi). The
Inquices are very like the Orishas of Yoruba tradition, but also different. In Cuba
and Brazil, where Yoruba influence was strongest in the Americas, they are often
syncretized with the Orishas. They may best be described as being both the most
ancient of ancestors as well as being associated with specific powers in nature.
The Inquices do not tend to possess as detailed a mythology as the Yoruba gods.
kumina is found in ST.Thomas
Obeah (sometimes spelled "Obi") is a term used in the West Indies to refer to
folk magic, sorcery, and religious practices derived from Central African and
West African origins. As such, Obeah is similar to Palo, Voodoo, Santeria,
rootwork, and hoodoo. Obeah is practiced in Suriname, Jamaica, the Virgin
Islands, Trinidad, Tobago, Guyana, Belize, the Bahamas, St. Vincent and the
Grenadines, Barbados and many other Caribbean countries.
Obeah is associated with both black and white magic, charms, luck, and with
mysticism in general. In some Caribbean nations Obeah refers to African
diasporic folk religions with admixtures such as Hindu puja; in other areas,
Christians may include elements of Obeah in their religion—Obeah is associated
with the Spiritual Baptist church—and the word Obeah, although not the practice
of Obeah, appears in a text associated with the religion of Thelema.
In Jamaica, slaves from different areas of Africa were brought into contact,
creating some conflicts between those who practiced varying African religions.
Those of West African Ashanti descent, who called their priests "Myal men" (also
spelled Mial men), used the Ashanti term "Obi" or "Obeah" -- meaning "sorcery"
-- to describe the practices of slaves of Central African descent. Thus those who
worked in a Congo form of folk religion were called "Obeah men" or "sorcerers."
Obeah also came to mean any physical object, such as a talisman or charm, that
was used for evil magical purposes. However, despite its fearsome reputation,
Obeah, like any other form of folk religion and folk magic, contains many
traditions for healing, helping, and bringing about luck in love and money.
During the mid 19th century the appearance of a comet in the sky became the
focal point of an outbreak of religious fanaticism and Christian millennarianism
among the Myal men of Jamaica. Spiritualism was at that time sweeping the
English-speaking nations as well, and it readily appealed to those in the Afro-
Carbbean diaspora, as spirit contact, especially with the dead, is an essential
part of many African religions.
During the conflict between Myal and Obeah, the Myal men positioned themselves
as the "good" opponents to "evil" Obeah. They claimed that Obeah men stole
people's shadows, and they set themselves up as the helpers of those who
wished to have their shadows restored. Myal men contacted spirits in order to
expose the evil works they ascribed to the Obeah men, and led public parades
which resulted in crowd-hystreria that engendered violent antagonism against
Obeah men. The public "discovery" of buried Obeah charms, presumed to be of
evil intent, led on more than one occasion to violence against the rival Obeah men.
Laws were passed that limited both Obeah and Myal traditions, but due to the
outrages perpetrated by the mobs of Myalists, the British government of Jamaica
sent many Myal men to prison, and this, along with the failure of their millennialist
Christian prophesies, resulted in a lessening influence for Myalism, while Obeah
remained a vital form of folk magic in Jamaica. By the early 20th century, Myalism
was considered a thing of the past, and Obeah dominated.
One aspect of Obeah with which many visitors to the Virgin Islands are familiar
(although they may not fully comprehend it) is the Mocko-Jumbie, or stilt dancer.
In the Virgin Islands Obeah tradition, a Jumbie is an evil or lost spirit, related to
the Kongo word Nzumbi, which led to the sensationalistic Zombies of Hollywood.
Jumbie however, retains more of the word's original meaning. It is sometimes
associated with a child who has died before being baptized. Such a child is said
to be forced to forever walk the earth at night, and is easily identified by its
backward-facing feet. The connection between the Jumbie and death is extended
into botany: Abrus precatorius, a species of tropical legume bears deadly toxic
red and black seeds called Jumbies in English-speaking regions of the
Caribbean. By contrast, the Mocko-Jumbie of the Virgin Islands is brightly
colored, dances in the daylight, and is very much alive. The Mocko-Jumbie also
represents the flip-side of spiritual darkness, as stilt-dancing is most popular
around holy days and Carnival.